As we stood beside the museums rarest artifact, a tattered Japanese battle flag that once flew above a warship in Hiroshimas harbor, Moran said, I always ask everyone. During the Louisiana Maneuvers, Army strategists began by teaming division against division. Construction was carried on 24-hours-day-seven day-week, the workmen laboring in shifts to get the camp ready for the soldiers, who began arriving there around the first of the year. The US Forest Service also maintains the Little Creek and Hickman Trails, which are multiple-use trail systems utilized by ATV enthusiasts throughout the area. Nobody does, not even Moran, and he grew up only a few miles away. On March 13, 1944, a white bus driver employed by the city of Alexandria, Louisiana, shot and killed Private Edward Green, a 23-year-old Black soldier from New York, after he refused to sit in the segregated section of a city bus. Camp Livingston, Kisatchie Nat'l Forest: Lat, Long 31.450186, -92.3681 GPS: Enabled Phone Number: OHV Line 866-830-6467 Website: Description: Just northeast of Ball, Louisiana, lies over 35 miles of Livingston Multiple-Use Trails. I asked Kurahara why she thought the feds went after the leaders of the community, rather than ordinary people. 16210 Florida Blvd, Holden, LA 70744. People burned their Japanese clothing and photographs and letters. It was a matter of survival, forced assimilation. Louisiana Southeast Louisiana Livingston Parish Livingston 70754 This 42.84 acre property is located at Bossmcnabb Rd in Livingston, LA 70754. A healthy tree was struck by lightning and fell on the cabin,. An ant bore its stinger into Morans knuckle, and he spoke up about it just as I noticed we were standing in what looked like poison ivy. I mentioned this to Ina and she said, This sounds wonderful. Your order is important to us. gimme fonts. The camp was situated generally northeast of Alexandria, off U.S. Highway 165, and close to Camp Beauregard and Esler Field. Disbanded 3 August 1944 at Camp Livingston, Louisiana; Reconstituted 28 June 1950 in the Regular Army; concurrently consolidated with Battery A, 54th . Alexandria, centrally located in the state, is the hub of a military area that embraces not only Camp Livingston but Camps Claiborne, Polk, and Beauregard and Esler field as well. For the love of the South. The areas surrounding Alexandria played key roles in the military buildup and soldier training for World War II. Suddenly there was a shortage of many of the basics of life, and a system of rationing was inaugurated. A quick on and off of I-12 Exit 22. More information about the FSA/OWI Collection is . Envelope addressed to Dr. Keizaburo Koyama at Camp Livingston from his son William Koyama at Minidoka. 17 Campgrounds near Livingston, Louisiana 17 Livingston Louisiana RV Parks & Campgrounds Filter Results : Park Types Park Features Hookups Amenities Recreation Connectivity More Reset Filters Sort By: 325 Reviews 8.9 Lakeside RV Resort by Rjourney Livingston, LA 0.9 Miles NE Favorite Add to Trip 73 Reviews 8.9 The activists, some of them in their 80s and 90s, affixed thousands of brightly-colored origami cranes to the fence surrounding the place. The Google map below includes the approximate locations of the camp areas, streets, major buildings and features superimposed on a present day aerial view of the former camp. Through generous donations, the Bird Sanctuary has been planted with many plant species, which attract birds. Camp Livingston was deactivated in late 1945 and is now part of the Kisatchie National Forest.[1][5][6][7]. Livingston, LA 70754. In 2016, Hayley Johnson, a librarian at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana, watched a video of Muslim-American children reading letters to elderly Japanese American camp survivors, letters written by interned Nisei children during the war. It was established as an infantry training facility, and construction began on September 16, 1940, requiring the use of 18,000construction workers. Photo courtesy of Nancy Ukai. I want to show the duality, he said. They had given presentations like this before, but never for a crowd of Japanese Americans. I have walked some of the paved streets and found 1940's and 1930's Wheat penneys on the roadway .It was BIG when the Gov. and after school me and Sarah would go to Alexandria for Books-A-Million and Hot Topic. First known as Camp Tioga, it was renamed Camp Livingston in honor of Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase. As we were talking, this car pulled up, and this great big policeman came out with a great big rifle and he came straight for us, she said. About 6,800 acres of land were acquired in 1928 as an artillery range for nearby Camp Beauregard. 0.49 acres lot - Lot / Land for sale. Only kend was banned. Convoys associated with the maneuvers frequently moved around and through Alexandria, and residents reported waking up in the middle of the night and watching General Patton's tanks rumbling down city streets. Civilian Clerical Workers, Camp Livingston, Louisiana. List of Livingston Parish Campgrounds The film, created by Frank Chi, was part of an exhibit at the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center, drawing connections between historical and current racial oppression in America. Moran pointing out Area 20, where the internment camp was located at Livingstons southern edge (left). Tsuru for Solidarity is an informal coalition of camp survivors and their descendants who have staged protests against the locking up of asylum seekers, especially children, without due process of law. Furuyas five children were Nisei (second-generation Japanese Americans), U.S. citizens. Livingston was the site of a major train . When the present program for recreational facilities Is completed each regiment quartered there will have a recreation building, two service clubs, and two tent theaters, each of the last named seating 2,200. After Pearl Harbor, people knew that it was dangerous to be Japanese, she told me. Sakamaki was the only surviving crewman of a mini-submarine used in the attack on Pearl Harbor; he was captured by Corporal David Akui after abandoning his sub, which had run aground. Download Image of Construction workers from Camp Livingston eating and hanging around new cafe by entrance of camp. Moran turned onto a single lane, dense woods cleaving to both sides, trees so tall you had to look up to see the sky. Thousands of acres of rural land in Louisiana were selected by General Leslie McNair and Colonel Mark Clark to conduct maneuvers to train the United States' rapidly expanding military forces. They were herded on to a ship. Historical Date: January 26, 1941 Location: Camp Livingston, Louisiana On January 26, 1941, the entire 32nd Division moved to Camp Livingston. Welcome to Louisiana's only inhabited barrier island! . My assignment at Camp Walters terminated three months later when I was assigned to the 91 st Medical Gas Treatment Battalion at Camp Livingston in Louisiana. But in Wisconsin, where he stayed for 78 days at Fort McCoy, and in Montana, New Mexico, and Washington where he was sent after leaving the South efforts to educate the public are nascent if they exist at all. The camp was organized into "Areas" numbered Area 1 through Area 20, basically in a counter-clockwise arrangement beginning in the northeast corner of the camp. Camp Livingston, active during 1940-1945, occupied about 47,000 acres east of Alexandria and was a key element in the . Louisiana law states that if you suffer any damage from trees planted on the boundary line, then you have the right to demand that the tree be torn down, or if the roots extend onto your property, you have the right to trim them up to the property line, but you must get your neighbor's consent to enter his or her property. While Camp Livingston was designated as an infantry replacement training center, as well as a garrison for these infantry divisions, it also included a POW facility housing Japanese, German and Italian prisoners of war. Current trail map and GPS points for OHV riding and camping at Camp Livingston Trail Complex in Louisiana. This nightmare began before 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft showered bombs on Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941. He walked me through the exhibits, from the days when William T. Sherman ran the Louisiana Seminary of Learning and Military Academy (which relocated later to Baton Rouge and became LSU) to the history of the Louisiana Maneuvers, the name given to field trainings in the area before and after World War II, the largest of which involved close to half a million American soldiers in September 1941. Generous memorial gifts from family and friends make it possible for CCC Legacy to enhance the awareness of CCC heritage. The only people who venture there now are the occasional camper, hunter, or carload of bored teenagers, looking for seclusion to get into mischief. Alexandria, Louisiana. Enter your amenities below and get ready to set up camp. Although the video lasted just over two minutes, it moved Johnson immensely and got her thinking about her own backyard. I need you to help us help the kids develop empathy.. Because of its location in a sub-tropical climate, the U.S. Army built several major military camps in Central Louisiana. Once you pull on those threads, they are everywhere, and they are all incredible, Simms said. Kid-Possible Summer Camps 1 Day Camps Summer Camps "This was such an awesome summer camp! Camp Livingston - Jewish Overnight Camp | JCC Summer Camp | Jewish Camp Serving Cincinnati, Columbus, Louisville, Indianapolis, Dayton WELCOME. The camp included a hospital, incinerator, laundry, cold storage plant, motor repair shops, sewage disposal plant, utilities, water system, gas and electricity, four fire stations, paved roads, traffic lights and recreational facilities. Camp Polk was located further west of Alexandria near Leesville. The refugees fled Germany to avoid its death camps, only to be swept up, along with pro-Nazi Germans, and placed in camps in the United States. After the end of World War II in Europe, in May 1945, the United States Congress passed a law stating that men under the age of nineteen had to have six months of military training before being sent overseas. $104,250. to Laconia, N.H. Inscribed 327th Military Police Escort Guard Company, Prisoner of War Camp, Camp Livingston, Louisiana. Some fell into depression and poor health and some died. June 8, 2015 On this day in 1942, the World War II detention facility Camp Livingston opened its doors in Alexandria, Louisiana. Outside option is a pandemic or natural disaster of biblical proportions that would warrant such institutions. A YouTube video which includes some early construction scenes at Camp Livingston is also made available. Satsuki Ina has spent a lifetime studying collective trauma among Japanese Americans, and as a licensed clinical therapist, she has helped individuals and families who have endured trauma for generations. The fragility of life was on my mind that afternoon, how easily our loved ones can be taken away. Im greeted by Richard Moran, a 53-year-old retired Army officer and curator of the museum. Contents 1 History 2 Today 3 References 4 External links History A former Girl Scout Camp situated on fifty acres in the heart of the Catskill Mountains in Livingston Manor, New York. Courtesy of the Dale Genius Collection, Alexandria, LA, Today, the former camp area is administered by the, The Camp Livingston area today is administered by the, For current maps, usage restrictions, facilities, alerts and warnings, visit the, several major military camps in Central Louisiana, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Kisatchie National Forest, website of the Kisatchie National Forest Catahoula Ranger District about recreational activities, Aerial view of the 106th Cavalry (Chicago National Guard)encampment at Camp Livingston, Louisiana, Troop B of the 106th Cavalry (Chicago National Guard)marching at Camp Livingston in 1941, Another view of the Guest House, Camp Livingston, Louisiana, Interior view of a Library (Dale Genius Collection). Construction workers from Camp Livingston eating and hanging around new cafe by entrance of camp. Construction workers from Camp Livingston eating and hanging around new cafe by entrance of camp. It was placed on inactive status by the War Department on September 25, 1946, and work began to demolish the buildings or mover them to schools, churches, and other usesin the surrounding area. Rumors that it might last 25 years, perhaps 100 years, prompted some internees to reluctantly volunteer for a prisoner exchange with Japan, a country many hadnt seen in more than half a lifetime. This property was acquired directly from the Girl Scouts who had operated it as the Blueberry Hill Girl Scout Camp for the past seventy years. (448 Reviews) 28370 S Frost Rd, Livingston, LA 70754. On the front of the envelope is a purple stamp that reads "Censored/Camp Livingston/Interment Camp." Inside is a letter, dated October 5, 1942. In 1941 there was an aviation squadron of 250 African American men in the Army Air Corps performing service functions. Some of these soldiers had relatives in Camp Livingston. Camp Livingston. Camp Claiborne was established in 1940 as a U. S. Army infantry training center. In Louisiana, Livingston Parish is ranked 15th of 64 parishes in Campgrounds per capita, and 1st of 64 parishes in Campgrounds per square mile.. Scholarship and grant opportunities still available for this. In his early research, he came upon a series of articles that FDR wrote in the 1920s that gave insight into his views on Japanese immigration. They arrived via Camp Algiers, a small DOJ camp in New Orleans, notorious for imprisoning an unlikely contingent of 60 Jewish refugees, writes Marilyn Miller, a Tulane University professor and author of the forthcoming book, Port of No Return: Enemy Alien Internment in World War II New Orleans. To the guards keeping watch, the birds may have meant nothing, but the 53-year-old Japanese man had only ever seen wild geese in books. Many thousands of acres had once been cleared to build the camp, and after its closure, the structures were dismantled and sold off by the board foot. PZ430422 $10.00: Add to Cart Prisoner of War Italy P.O.W. The day after Roosevelt issued EO 9066, Furuya boarded the USS Grant steamer bound for the mainland. The panel asked if Furuya had given money to the Japanese cause, and he admitted that before the war, hed donated about $25 to the families of wounded Japanese soldiers, a gesture interpreted as pro-Japanese. His fate was then sealed, and likely already had been. The Army conducted similar, but smaller, Louisiana maneuvers in 1942 and 1943, but cancelled exercises in 1944 so soldiers could be part of the D-Day invasion in Europe. All the stories are just fascinating and heartbreaking, and at the same time uplifting.. #1 Here is a good site to hunt in Louisiana. We walked a little farther and more concrete appeared among the trees: a whole slab, the base of a long-gone structure, the face of it painted white or gray, now weathered and peeling away. Less than a week after the demonstration, the government reversed course and canceled the plan, blaming a lack of immediate need.. December 1940. Construction workers from Camp Livingston eating and hanging around new cafe by entrance of camp. Check Out only when finished. Not a single American of Japanese descent, alien or citizen, [was] charged with espionage or sabotage during the war, writes Richard Reeves in Infamy: The Shocking Story of the Japanese Internment in World War II. The footings from many of the buildings are still in place as well as most of the original parking lots and parade areas. The original water treatment plant that was built to serve the camp is still in operation today, and is now operated by Water Works District No. MONARCH SIZE. The camps we tend to remember were called relocation centers, and they were run by the newly minted War Relocation Authority or WRA. There are 5 Campgrounds in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, serving a population of 137,096 people in an area of 648 square miles.There is 1 Campground per 27,419 people, and 1 Campground per 129 square miles.. Gaman has to do with quiet endurance, she said. She hid behind her father as the policeman questioned him and ordered them back inside. He had supported the exclusion of Japanese immigrants and the laws that kept them from becoming citizens or owning property, Robinson told me. We cannot solve a problem we do not understand.. Well likely never know how many nearby homes and stores were built with the lumber. Information was scarce, but she learned people had it wrong: a camp in central Louisiana housed quite a lot of civilians, not only POWs as she had heard all her life. Concrete streets and camp grid are still visible today from satellite photographs (see image below). While the WRA camps were featured in Life and made headlines in The New York Times, the 18 camps run by the U.S. Army, Camp Livingston among them, and the others controlled by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), an agency of the Department of Justice (DOJ), remained in relative obscurity. P.O.W. (In Japanese, Densh means to pass on to the next generation. For more than two decades, the group has preserved oral histories and other materials related to Japanese American incarceration during the war.) Camp Livingston: The Local Alexandria Angle. Senator from Louisiana and later U.S. Secretary of State, or for his brother Robert R. Livingston, a negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase. Within a 30-miles radius of Alexandria, the military constructed Camp Livingston, Camp Claiborne, Esler Field, Alexandria Army Air Base (later England AFB), Pollock Army Air Field, and reactivated Camp Beauregard. Each chapel had a long nave that positioned the churchgoers far from the sanctuary. Postmarked Oct 7, 1942. In addition, several have been shared with permission from the Dale Genius Collection. The girl was. The movement continues to grow. It was founded in 1920 in Indian Hill and moved to Switzerland County in 1969.. That cut me off from my grandma because she couldn't speak English. It was only later that she understood the cost. The university would shut down the next day. Most of the men were in their 50s, but they ranged from 20-80. The Japanese worked the sugar plantations. Kurahara and the JCCH have been working with Hawaiis Department of Education for years. And shikata ga nai, has to do with just accepting something that you cannot change., Satsuki Inas mother, Shizuko Ina, her brother Kiyoshi, and herself at Tule Lake Segregation Center in California, February 1945. He later wrote in his memoir, An Internment Odyssey, that they looked motionless and beautiful, a promise of cooler weather, an end to days wasted lying in cool pits dug beneath barrack floors. Many stopped going to Buddhist temples. As the group was raising funds to buy the land, Monsanto decided to donate the entire gulch to the federal government. What they needed was access to the mother lode of government information: the National Archives. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. Negro girl in new cafe opposite entrance to Camp Livingston. The 38th Infantry Division was known as the "Avengers of Bataan" and the 86th Infantry Division was the first American unit to cross the Danube River in Germany. Trinity Methodist Church at 214 Chester Street in Alexandria secured a frame Army Chapel building from Camp Livingston which the church veneered on the outside with white Waskom brick (see photo below). Radio Range Park. Farm families wait for a bus to Tanforan Assembly Center with 595 others from nearby Centerville, California. Officials at Camp Livingston, a Jewish overnight camp in Bennington, Indiana, confirmed the death in a Facebook post Tuesday. The religious leaders prayed for the man who had died of illness, while the voices of dozens of Buddhist priests reciting sutras blended in harmonic rhythm with the sound of the wind blowing through the pine forest, a strange atmosphere of both solemnity and splendor.. The internees at the camps were used to supply logging and farm labor in the area. This website is operated by a private entity with no connection to the City of Alexandria, Rapides Parish or other governmental entity, Camp Livingston entry gate during World War II. After two hellish months at a makeshift camp at Sand Island, at the mouth of Honolulu Harbor, the federal government finally gave Furuya a kangaroo court. During its history, Camp Livingston trained hundreds of thousands of soldiers for combat. This takes place in central Louisiana. Moran hopes the display will be ready for the public sometime later this year. Lakeside RV Resort, LLC in Livingston, LA. Alexandria, Louisiana. Compare with the original street grid above. Welcome to the Scout Camp! [2] It was home to many divisions (see List, below) and others during the war. They were strict "Army design & regulation" built from approved blueprints, non-denominational in that with minimal adjustment they could be used by Catholics, Jews or Protestants. Life felt more like a tragedy of the commons with each passing hour. To speed military vehicles around the area, a new four lane loop named MacArthur Drive was constructed through what was farms and pastures on the western outskirts of Alexandria. The population was 1,342 at the 2000 census. Livingston is a town in and the parish seat of Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. Inside they found reports, blueprints, more memos, and a black-and-white photo of internees planting a garden beside a latrine. She recalls a teacher telling her once: I can teach them the information. The important thing is sharing the history. Simms likes to say the story wants to be told. A former WWII camp, Camp Livingston was repurposed into a multi-use trail system. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Camp Livingston Louisiana LARGE LETTER 1940s WWII patriotic military postcard at the best online prices at eBay! At the end of his administration, President Ronald Reagan passed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, an official apology and admission that incarcerating 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry half children, and two-thirds American citizens was a grave injustice motivated by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership. The federal government gave former internees $20,000 reparation payments and set aside funds for education. In the end, about 2,000 were sent to camps, a decision more economic than of national security. Whitacre Park. Before COVID-19 destroyed our sense of normalcy, before average Americans could enter public spaces without fear of getting sick, I spoke with Johnson and Simms in a conference room inside the cloistered inner sanctum of Troy H. Middleton Library at Louisiana State University, where they now work. Alexandria and Central Louisiana were the center of a massive military build-up prior to, and during, World War II. Sometimes soldiers would permit children to peek through their range finders and climb all over the cannons. It was as hot and muggy as youd expect. KICK BACK IN OUR COUNTRY SETTING! The camp's newspaper was the "Camp Livingston Communique". In 2015, Ina wrote, It has been a life-long mission for me to educate others about this dark chapter of American history with hopes that it would never happen again. Justice, for her, can only be achieved if our country makes Japanese American history a standard part of education, beginning in elementary school. 3 But those who stayed were still profoundly changed. We were just flabbergasted, Kurahara said. In the spring of 2017, the two librarians flew to Washington, D.C. Rocking the boat, she said without hesitation. Camp Livingston View source Coordinates: 31.444244N 92.362232W Camp Livingston was a U.S. Army military camp during World War II located on the Rapides Parish and Grant Parish line in north Louisiana, north of Pineville, Louisiana. Stationed at the Camp were the 28th, 32rd, 38th and 86th Infantry Divisions, along with various other field artillery, transportation, quartermaster, engineer combat, tank destroyer, ordnance and other Army units. And here's what I would love, programs like that in Arkansas. I asked why she thought some people hesitated to confront this history head-on. Some camp buildings received a new life, like the chapel shown below, and continued in use in the Central Louisiana area. 4998 nell lee road bennington, in 47011 phone: Photo, print, drawing construction workers from camp livingston eating and hanging around new cafe by entrance of camp. Minutes later, he pointed out a chunk of concrete protruding from the ground. A question that consistently startles students is: If your blood brother was in Japan and you met him in battle, would you kill him? To say no signaled disloyalty to the United States. Camera: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY KODAK Z760 ZOOM DIGITAL CAMERA | Date: 8/4/07 2:29 PM | Resolution: 2856 x 2142 | ISO: 100 | Exp . Two camps back, their families had sent each of them a suitcase full of clothes, which they preferred over hand-me-down fatigues. 1:45 The Louisiana National Guard, alongside Lt. The site is only a 45-minute drive east of Crystal City, where Ina and her family had been interned. Scenes from Around Camp Livingston During World War II. He was looking inward to his community, and there this story is better known. Around the same time, the seventeen-week basic infantry training program that was in place prior to late December 1944 was restored. For the sake of the story. For years, the JCCH has routinely invited high school students to volunteer to reenact the Issei hearings, reading verbatim from the transcripts. Having served two tours in Iraq, Moran has devoted much of the past two decades to running this museum and learning military history. Near the end of World War II, Camp. Camp Livingston (1940-1945) - A World War II training Camp first established as Camp Tioga in 1940 near Alexandria, Rapides Parish, Louisiana. The trees are small, reaching heights of 15 feet tall. They created lesson plans with primary sources that have become standard curricula for all the schools and libraries in the entire state. The internees were simply whiling away the days, retaining from their old lives whatever they could. Topics: louisiana, rapides parish, alexandria, safety film negatives, alexandria la, construction, workers, construction workers, camp, livingston, camp livingston, cafe, entrance, great . The property is currently available for sale at a price of $77,112. PZ440406 . Eventually, every state (with the exceptions of Nevada, North Dakota . We too were unaware of this piece of Louisiana . PZ440404B $10.00: Add to Cart Prisoner of War Soldier's Free Mail 1944 Atlanta, Nebr. She ventured out with her father to speak with the neighbors, who showed them shrapnel that had fallen on their porch and crashed through their walls. Pinellas county. There are approximately 900 buildings on the camp grounds, and 7,850 tents. The Kisatchie National Forest has a dense road pattern which does accommodate short drags. Through our research we have been able to tell the story of Camp Livingston, located outside of Alexandria, Louisiana, as an internment camp for enemy alien Japanese men during World War II. As the women guided me past rows of office cubicles, I noticed a shelf full of unopened bottles of hand sanitizer and wondered if an employee had hoarded them. Nobody knew when or if this war would end. I rode along in Morans SUV as we talked about the land and our lives and all of this history. (Media provided by Ralph's son, Robert Jewell). I asked if justice was possible, and if so, what it would look like. Kurahara said to really understand how the internees endured you have to know something about Japanese values. Richard Moran, a 53-year-old retired Army officer and curator of the Louisiana Maneuvers and Military History Museum at Camp Beauregard. Governor Billy Nungesser, unveiled the newest trail marker on the Louisiana Civil Rights Trail in front of the Louisiana Maneuvers and. Army strategists also encountered recon and troop supply issues that would later be experienced in actual real-world battle situations, creating valuable experience for the Army prior to the U.S. entering the war. (Last summer, Middletons name was dropped after a long campaign stemming from the former LSU presidents efforts to maintain segregation.) There would be no turning back. The first three volumes only pertained to the military base not that useful and when they opened Volume 4s box, it was gone. It was a chilling firsthand experience, she told me, revealing clear symptoms of severe depression and trauma among the children detained there. One day the Army ordered the troops of the 93rd to board a train. While in Los Angeles, they met with Duncan Ryken Williams, a Buddhist priest, professor, and author of American Sutra: A Story of Faith and Freedom in the Second World War, a look at nearly 300 Buddhist priests who served time in various camps, and how faith helped internees survive. Archived. Soldier's Free Mail 1944 Alexandria, La. His favorite game was Go, which he played with rocks and scraps of cardboard. She shared her findings with her colleague and friend, Sarah Simms, and together they scoured the internet and dug up a name: the Koharas, a Japanese American family that ran a photography studio in Alexandria during the war and helped visitors en route to see relatives in the camp. Office of War Information. Very large old army base shut down in the late 1940's, near Ball, and Pineville, La. General Mark Wayne Clark, Maneuver Director, Omar Bradley, and George Patton, among other notables. 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