Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. I highly recommend you use this site! At its peak, roughly 25%, maybe more, of the American work force was unemployed. This Hooverville thrived because it was funded by private donations. This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. They usually had a small stove, bedding and a couple of simple cooking implements. He believed this would represent a philosophical shift in what the government was supposed to be for--namely, to ensure a level playing field for economic opportunity, but not to regulate or take over the functions of the market. One of the most famous ways in which people migrated during the timeframe of the Great Depression was by 'riding the rails' on trains. The state described as 'absolute poverty' has been described as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information". In his famous novel the Joad family briefly settles into a Hooverville in California. Most of them did not find work. The first nine years of the so-called Roaring Twenties had been a decade of prosperity and optimism in the United States. Definition, Examples, Pros and Cons. A request from the city was that women and children would not be allowed to live in the shantytown. This building housed a mayora's office and a commissary, or grocery store. Next: Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism. Did you know? It is just west of Qwest Field and the Alaska Viaduct. This photo shows a team of two work horses hitched to a wagon with farm house visible in the background in Beltsville, Md., in 1935. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Many features of life during the Great Depression were given bitter connotations with Hoover's name. The anger directed at Herbert Hoover didn't stop with the label given to the makeshift settlements. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. Some families were fortunate enough to stay with friends and family members that hadn't been evicted yet, but homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. Inside Hoovervilles were houses called shanties . At 81, He does Tell History Firsthand", Photos of a new father figure in Hooverville in Portland, Oregon, Great Depression in Washington State Project, Photos and details of a Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, Photographs of California Hoovervilles (Sacramento, Kern County), Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site, Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooverville&oldid=1139613330, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. KidsKonnect uses a secure SSL connection to encrypt your data and we only work with trusted payment processors Stripe and PayPal. "; They posed health risks to their inhabitants as well as to those living nearby, but there was little that local governments or health agencies could do. here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. This was handled by an elected Vigilance Committee-- consisting of two whites, two blacks, and two Filipinos-- led by a white Texas native and former lumberjack named Jesse Jackson, who came to be known as the unofficial "Mayor" of Hooverville. [2] Jesse Jackson, "The Story of Seattle's Hooverville," in Calvin F. Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1944), 286-93. Hoover also didn't think it would work and that a crisis such as this one would have to blow over on its own. However, some cities banned them if they trespassed on parks or privately owned land. The answer to this question is practically anywhere. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. [3] Report of the Sanitation Divison December 31, 1935 as quoted in Excerpt from the Health Department Annual Report 1935, Seattle Municipal Archives: http://www.seattle.gov/CityArchives/Exhibits/Hoover/1935ar.htm (accessed December 29, 2009), [4] Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941), Seattle Municipal Archives (accessed December 29, 2009), Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium. As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. Hoovervilles of the Great Depression Daily Dose Documentary 6.73K subscribers Subscribe 223 Share 42K views 2 years ago For more episodes, please visit http://dailydosenow.com Today's Daily Dose. By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/hoovervilles. The Hooverville in Seattle was one of the few with detailed documentation. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and read more, The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. The easiest way to travel across the country was by train and Shantytowns, nicknamed 'Hobo Jungles' sprang up by most city railroad stations. This worksheet can be edited by Premium members using the free Google Slides online software. In 1934, Roy recorded a population of non-White people, including Black men, Costa Rican, Chilean, Filipino, Japanese, Mexican, and. Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. Most people, however, resorted to building their residences out of wood from crates, cardboard, scraps of metal, or whatever materials were available to them. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Join 51,000+ happy teachers and students who use our teaching worksheets and resources every day. Historica Graphica Collection/Heritage Images/Getty Images. He counted 639 residents in March of that year, all but seven of them men. Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. However, the countrys 31st president, Republican Herbert Hoover, who took office in March 1929, believed that self-reliance and self-help, not government intervention, were the best means to meet citizens needs. Browse hooverville resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935) Encampments and shantytowns often referred to as tent citieswith similarities to Hoovervillesbegan appearing in parts of California, Arizona, Tennessee, Florida, Washington and other states. Hooverville housed about 10,000 veterans and their families in ramshackle shelters built from old lumber, packing boxes, and scrapped tin from a nearby junk pile. But residents rebuilt and the site remained occupied all the way through World War II. Beyond the waters lie two rugged mountain ranges, the Olympics to the west and the Cascades to the east. He described the population as fluid in 1938, owing to men selling their homes to newcomers and moving on. Interesting Facts About the Great Depression The stock market lost almost 90% of its value between 1929 and 1933. It began with the United States stock market crash of 1929, and didn't completely end until after . Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. Grade Level. This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! In 1933, it was 25%, with 1 out of every 4 people out of work. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. After 1940, all of Hooverville were destroyed as the economy recovered and the unemployment rate fell eventually. Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. Most settlers were disorganized, and only a few established a form of government. Roy lived in the Hooverville in spring 1934 while conducting this survey which became his 1935 MA thesis. To find out more, see our cookie policy. Both times, however, the Hooverville shacks were immediately rebuilt. Hoovervilles and Homelessness. The Shanty Town was given the sarcastic nickname 'Hooverville' after President Herbert Hoover who Americans blamed for the Great Depression. What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? [6], After 1940, the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles. Home Facts Privacy About Blog Contact Terms. The term was a derogatory reference to President Herbert Hoover, who many people blamed for allowing the U.S. to fall into economic despair. They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. About this quiz: All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found on the page at The Great Depression - Hoovervilles . All Rights Reserved. They are crowded, dirty, miserable, and they are places where the homeless gather to build temporary homes. Both his parents were dead by the time he was nine. Hoovervilles were the nickname given to a Shanty Town during the Great Depression and consisted of camps of makeshift shacks or tents set up on unused or public lands. The Depression increased the demand for such assistance exponentially. Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. Hoovervilles: Some 200,000 migrant farmers relocated to California. As such, he was highly reluctant to shift the federal government into high gear to try and solve an economic crisis. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. The nickname 'Hooverville' was given to the shanty towns that sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression. The Great Depression drew to an end with the outbreak of WW2 and municipal programs aimed at "eradicating" shantytowns destroyed all the Hoovervilles. Hoover leather referred to cardboard or newspaper used to replace worn-out shoe soles. Two young residents at a Hooverville shantytown in Washington, D.C. Longley, Robert. Longley, Robert. The term was coined by the publicity director of the Democratic National Committee in 1930. Source for information on Okies: Encyclopedia of the Great Depression dictionary. Some homes were not buildings at all, but deep holes dug in the ground with makeshift roofs laid over them to keep out inclement weather. While the goal of the tariffs was to protect U.S.-made products from foreign competition, most countries retaliated by raising their tariffs on U.S. goods. The Red Scare of the 1920s History & Overview | What was the First Red Scare? Banks closed, and factories shut down; thousands and then millions of jobs were lost. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Most were white with the majority of them foreign-born, especially Scandinavians. The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. However, some countries retaliated by raising their tariffs, and international trade was hampered. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Roosevelt promised to improve the country with a "new deal for the American people." As America's housing and economic crisis worsened through 2009, homelessness was on the rise. Hoovervilles varied in size from a few hundred residents to thousands of people in larger cities like New York City, Washington, D.C., and Seattle, Washington. As the optimism of the 1920s gave way to fear and desperation, Americans looked to the federal government for relief. months[4] = "Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. Life in the encampments remained best described as grim. President Herbert Hoover, however, refused to propose any assistance programs, saying instead that Americans should help each other. Hoovervilles began to disappear after the election of Franklin Roosevelt, whose New Deal promised to put the federal government into activist mode to try to end the Great Depression. Back to History for Kids. As the Depression deepened, the sheer number of homeless people became overwhelming. However, that didn't last long. Twelve million Americans, about 25% of the normal labor force, were out of work and many suffered poverty, deprivation and homelessness. Hoover Pullmans were rusted railroad boxcars used as dwellings. succeed. "; WATCH: America: The Story of Us on HISTORY Vault. The committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and two Filipinos. A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville, by Joey Smith, Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. [2], However, not every Hooverville fits this description. In Seattle, Washington, stood one of the country's largest, longest-lasting, and best-documented Hoovervilles, standing for ten years between 1931 and 1941.Though several were located about the city, this Hooverville was on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. @media (min-width: 340px) { .adslot_1 { width: 336px; height: 280px; } } After hosting several homeless settlements, the reservoir was dubbed the Hoover Valley and Depression Street. The name was a reference to Herbert Hoover who was the President of the United States during the at the start of the Depression and widely blamed for it. The city of Seattle tolerated the unemployed living situation and imposed loose building and sanitation rules. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Tacoma had a large encampment that spanned six blocks. A Brief Look at the U.S. Department of Labor. "; Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. Technically, these settlements were often in violation of state or local law; and even though they were often raided, it became common practice for authorities to endure them. Some Hoovervilles were dotted with vegetable gardens, and some individual shacks contained furniture a family had managed to carry away upon eviction from their former home. read more, The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. This download is exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! Homeowners lost their property when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . And although private philanthropy increased during the early 1930s, the amounts given were not enough to make a significant impact. [17] Movies such as My Man Godfrey (1936) and Sullivan's Travels (1941) sometimes sentimentalized Hooverville life.[18]. It stood for ten years, 1931 to 1941. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. "; All rights reserved. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. To find out more, see our, Download the Hooverville Facts & Worksheets, Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com, Resources created by teaching professionals. Public reaction to the Hoovervilles added to President Hoovers general unpopularity, leading to his landslide defeat by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? Inadequate sanitation, lack of clean drinking water and poor nutrition lead to a variety of diseases and illnesses such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, diarrhea, rickets, influenza, pneumonia and skin diseases. In addition to his perceived disregard for the harm done by the Great Depression, Hoover was criticized for backing the controversial Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Click the image to see a larger version of the map and here to read excerpts from Roy's sociological survey.By 1934 nearly 500 self-built one-room domiciles were "scattered over the terrain in insane disorder," according to Donald Roy, a sociology graduate student who studied the community. Usually built on vacant land, the camps were largely tolerated by city authorities. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. By the spring of 1932, when it could have most helped ease the Depression, Americas revenue from world trade was reduced by more than half. Sign Me Up. Soup Kitchens in the Great Depression | Bread Lines, Characteristics & History, Gilded Age Politics: Political Machines & Civil Service Reform, Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | Overview, Summary & History, Massacre at Wounded Knee | Summary & History, AP US History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, AP English Literature Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, DSST A History of the Vietnam War: Study Guide & Test Prep, DSST The Civil War & Reconstruction: Study Guide & Test Prep, Glencoe U.S. History - The American Vision: Online Textbook Help, High School US History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Prentice Hall America: History of our Nation: Online Textbook Help, DSST Environmental Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. Some were as small as a few hundred people while others, in bigger metropolitan areas such as Washington, D.C. and New York City, boasted thousands of inhabitants. WATCH VIDEO: How Artists Helped End the Great Depression. [2] Among the white population, nationalities included English, Irish, Polish, Spanish, Italian, and Russian. Brief History of Seattle. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." But even as the Great Depression eased and the Hoovervilles began to vanish, they remained a potent symbol of how a combination of bad luck, governmental philosophy, and rotten timing could create a lasting, negative image. months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. What does it tell you about Hooverville society? Additionally, although the 1920s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, had been a decade of prosperity, income levels varied widely and numerous Americans lived beyond their means. Workers, whether migrant or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large portion of Hooverville. City officials alternately tolerated and tried to eradicate the shack town. The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. Some of the men who were forced to live in these conditions possessed construction skills, and were able to build their houses out of stone. A 'Hooverville' on waterfront of Seattle, Washington, March 1933. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. It was headed by the Commissioner of Health, the Superintendent of Buildings, the Chief of Police, and the Chief of the Fire Department, tasked to draft a plan on how to proceed with the elimination of Hooverville. months[2] = "Learning made easy with the various learning techniques and proven teaching methods used by the Siteseen network. Second New Deal Purpose & Programs | What was the Second New Deal? This pattern became associated with Oklahoma because that state provided a plurality of migrants from 1935 to 1940, the peak of the phenomenon. The rectangular reservoir north of Belvedere Castle was taken out of service when the stock market crashed in 1929. Briefly settles into a Hooverville shantytown in Washington, D.C. Longley, Robert build temporary.. At a Hooverville shantytown in Washington, D.C. Longley, Robert parents were by... %, maybe more, see our cookie policy more, see our cookie policy large cities across the during. 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The nation during the 1930s Americans looked to the federal government into high gear to try solve...