1 / 43. As is true of buildings in general, the more substantially built and architecturally interesting buildings have tended to be the ones that survived into the modern age and are better documented than many of the smaller and simpler ones. B. consuming too much rich and high-fat food, regardless of weight and energy expenditure Slavery was a state of war, he said. It developed from the Acadian tradition of using the loft of the house as a bedroom for young men. On an old wharf where slave ships were unloaded, the city is also planning to open the International African American Museum. "[57] "'I was depressed by the time I left and questioned why anyone would want to live in South Carolina,' read one review [of a tour] posted to Twitter."[58]. D. At least 80% but not 100% Still other arrangements had the kitchen in one room, a laundry in the other, and a second story for servant quarters. Hist 101 quiz 1. By the 1850s, they would have been passed through a mangle. Eggs were collected daily. Synthetic pesticides During the financial panics of 1819 and 1837, when demand by British mills for cotton dropped, many small planters went bankrupt and their land and slaves were bought by larger plantations. This property was an English land grant to the Richard Ellis family and continues to be owned by his descendants. True or False: All Europeans believed the earth to be flat (and made maps that reflected this) until Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean Islands in 1493. All of these choices [8][32], This type of debt bondage, for blacks and poor whites, led to a populist movement in the late 19th century that began to bring blacks and whites together for a common cause. Plantations are an important aspect of the history of the Southern United States, particularly the Antebellum era (pre-American Civil War). [43], Many manor houses survive, and in some cases former slave dwellings have been rebuilt or renovated. They are extremely effective in cutting costs. Storage barns often housed unprocessed crops or those awaiting consumption or transport to market. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Early records indicate that at Faunsdale Plantation the mistress of the estate, Louisa Harrison, gave regular instruction to her slaves by reading the services of the church and teaching the Episcopal catechism to their children. This article describes the plantation system in America as an instrument of British colonialism characterized by social and political inequality. The Environmental Working Group estimates that you could reduce your pesticide intake by up to 90% by eating only 100% organic ____. E. faster. E. About 10% (less than half), What would likely be found on an organic farm? The plantation complex in the Caribbean is a massive project in which the core areas in the New World were Brazil, the Guianas, the Caribbean, and the American South. It was kind of the dirty little family secret we just dont talk about that.. A. E. traditional intensive agriculture, What proportion of food products sold on U.S. supermarket shelves contains some form of genetically engineered crop? [14], Economic studies indicate that fewer than 30 percent of planters employed white supervisors for their slave labor. If plants with similar root depths were planted in a field, then: ____. The Lost Cause perpetuates harmful and false narratives.Besides Pollards book, other works have carried the Lost Cause lie, including the 1864 painting, the Burial of Latan by William Washington, Thomas Dixon Jr.s 1905 novel and play, The Clansman, and Margaret Mitchells 1936 novel Gone with the Wind. The first agricultural plantations in Virginia were founded on the growing of tobacco. Until the transatlantic slave trade was abolished in 1807, over 12 million Africans were transported to the New World, and over 90 percent of them went to the Caribbean and South America, to work on sugar plantations. [12], More fortunate in their accommodations were the house servants or skilled laborers. Plantations grew sugarcane from Louisiana's colonial era onward, but large scale production did not begin until the 1810s and 1820s. Every plantation had at least one, and sometimes several, wells. Then the enslaved people had to weed the fields all summer and remove the flowers from the tobacco plants in order to force more energy into the leaves. They were in a different social stratum than that of the owner and were expected to know their place. "Slavery was not that bad - it's probably the number one thing we hear," says plantation tour guide Olivia Williams. They are so successful at providing healthy food to our populations. How important was a navy to the Athenian Empire? Anna Hardeman Meade, When I was a Little Girl: The Year's Round on the Old Plantation (Los Angeles: The Fred S . E. grains and carbohydrates, Compared to synthetic pesticides, the use of natural biological pest controls is ____. [6], The materials for a plantation's buildings, for the most part, came from the lands of the estate. They were used to thresh the grain from the inedible chaff. Most plantations possessed some, if not all, of these outbuildings, often called dependencies, commonly arranged around a courtyard to the rear of the main house known as the kitchen yard. Plantation agriculture was at once linked to the emergence of world markets for tropical staples, and to the control of an abundant, cheap, and disciplined labor force secured by direct or indirect compulsion. Historians of the antebellum South have generally defined "planter" most precisely as a person owning property (real estate) and 20 or more slaves. [17], The chicken house was a building where chickens were kept. [45], An individual who owned a plantation was known as a planter. [4], Many plantations were operated by absentee-landowners and never had a main house on site. NEGATIVE WORD PREFIX, __________ \hspace{0.5cm} + patiently = \hspace{0.5cm} __________. The following article is from the great soviet encyclopedia (1979). The speaker says that he esteems honour above all else. I think it is our responsibility to try and meet all those expectations, Neale said. Enslaved Africans were first brought to Virginia in 1619.The settlements required a large number of laborers to sustain them. On the docent-led tour at McLeod, the guide explained the challenges the newly freed slaves faced after the civil war, while winding through their work sites and cabins. A. consuming too many calories, regardless of weight or activity level During this time the cream would sour slightly through naturally occurring bacteria. Common crops included corn, upland cotton, sea island cotton, rice, sugarcane, and tobacco. Most Southerners did not experience this . Summary and Analysis Chapter II. Explain how North American Native American societies were diverse (in other words, how they were not all the same). What empire expanded into Eastern Europe and cut off European overland trade routes to Asia in the 1400s? Cotton also caused plantations to grow in size. Approximately what percentage of American history has occurred since 1492? It was also part of an effort to keep the enslaved people compliant and prevent the beginnings of a slave rebellion, a very real fear in the minds of most plantation owners. Democratic 2020 candidates are also being forced to take positions on whether they support reparations. [49] In his study of Black Belt counties in Alabama, Jonathan Weiner defines planters by ownership of real property, rather than of slaves. The overseer was responsible for healthcare, with enslaved people and slave houses inspected routinely. At some places, they cost extra. This culture of silence has been supported by US public education. At first, these settlers . [53], Many nostalgic memoirs about plantation life were published in the post-bellum South. In 1606, King James I formed the Virginia Company of London to establish colonies in North America, but when the British arrived, they faced a harsh and foreboding wilderness, and their lives became little more than a struggle for survival. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Powers, who has been a consultant to Middleton Place, said it was important to shake people out of their modern mentality on these tours. The Americas sent horses and sheep to Europe. [8] Although it, like the schoolroom, was most often within the main house or another structure, it was not at all rare for a complex to have a separate plantation office. In a review of 12 popular history textbooks, the SPLC found most failed to mention money being a motivating factor for slavery. This seems to be especially true with planters within the Episcopal denomination. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. [44], In late 2019, after contact initiated by Color of Change, "five major websites often used for wedding planning have pledged to cut back on promoting and romanticizing weddings at former slave plantations". On the other hand,the Cuban system of slavery provides an example of this process within the framework of the Caribbean plantation complex. C. protein only Bringing in natural enemies The sugar trade led to the establishment of plantation enterprises that began along the coast of Africa, facilitated by the Portuguese, and ultimately led to the vast plantation economies in the New World. An agricultural estate usually worked by resident labor. D. genetic engineering These separate tours can maintain the narrative that the lives of the enslaved were separate from what happened at the Big House, where the master lived. Point Comfort: where slavery in America began 400 years ago, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. D. Minimum-tillage agriculture D. wheat C. their effects are relatively slow compared with other approaches This new class acted as a buffer to protect the wealthy and Black people in the British American colonies were further oppressed. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. A. The winnowing barn, a building raised roughly a story off of the ground on posts, was used to separate the lighter chaff and dust from the rice. This article was amended on 21 August 2019. C. minimum tillage agriculture The last two became popular movies; The Clansman became The Birth of a Nation. Mostly built by Louisiana Creole people, but occasionally found in other parts of the Deep South formerly under the dominion of New France, they were structures that housed the adolescent or unmarried sons of plantation owners. After losing the war, many Confederates and Confederate sympathizers altered the reason for succession. Throughout the Western Hemisphere, the plantation served as an institution in itself, characterized by social and political inequality, racial conflict, and domination by the planter class.Plantation slavery was not exclusive to the Americas. Because these crops required large areas of land, the plantations grew in size, and in turn, more labor was required to work on the plantations. E. The food production is efficient enough to justify the negative consequences. They had meals . Usually perceived as uncouth, ill-educated, and low-class, he had the often despised task of meting out punishments in order to keep up discipline and secure the profit of his employer. Which of the following is NOT an example of Europe's secular business innovations in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? Instead they suggest calling these places labor camps or slave labor camps.The plantation system developed in the American South as British colonists arrived in what became known as Virginia and divided the land into large areas suitable for farming. [7] Bricks were most often produced onsite from sand and clay that was molded, dried, and then fired in a kiln. B. The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership became known as the plantation system. William Bradford, governor of the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts, invoked the standard English usage of his day when he entitled his remarkable history of the colony Of Plymouth Plantation. [2] Although many Southern farmers did enslave people before emancipation in 1862, few enslaved more than five. Those phones were being returned to pockets and bags when a tour guide explained that the tidy green grass covers a cemetery for the enslaved: the unidentified remains of African men, women and children torn from their homelands lie below the picture-perfect setting. To increase the development of disease-resistant pests A. macronutrients These were usually separate, one for each type of animal. B. oxygen and water vapor bond to the soil These were usually roofed and often partially enclosed by latticework to exclude animals. What agricultural product was predominant in the first century of the Atlantic Plantation Complex? Rarely though, such as at the former Hermitage Plantation in Georgia and Boone Hall in South Carolina, even field slaves were provided with brick cabins. The complex included everything from the main residence down to the pens for livestock. Why do our economic systems promote unsustainable forms of industrialized agriculture? C. To reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level In village-type slave quarters on plantations with overseers, his house was usually at the head of the slave village rather than near the main house, at least partially due to his social position. Why did malaria control efforts in Malaysia once lead to cats being parachuted into affected areas? They experimented with teosinte and produced maize. To increase inputs of fertilizer and irrigation water What Italian city-state was most critical in the exploration of the Atlantic (including being Columbus's birthplace)? Assuming that the force exerted by the pitcher on the ball acts over a distance of two arm lengths, each 28.0in28.0 \mathrm{in}28.0in, what is the average force exerted by the pitcher on the ball? [21] If it was cool enough, the meat could also be stored there until it was consumed. The New York Times, earlier in 2019, "decidedto exclude couples who were being married on plantations from wedding announcements and other wedding coverage". Assume the simplest answer is the best answer. In the colonies south of Pennsylvania and east of the Delaware River, a few wealthy, white landowners owned the bulk of the land, while the majority of the population was made up of poor farmers, indentured servants, and the enslaved. Tobacco production on plantations was very labor-intensive. These were built for a variety of reasons. This meaning of the term arose during the period of European colonization in the tropics and subtropics of the New World, essentially, wherever huge tracts of crops cultivated by slave labour became an economic mainstay. B. If a suitable stone was available, it was used. They seemed distressed. What is the plantation system quizlet? B. Grain prices rose significantly while real wages went down. Most of these represent the dwellings constructed for field slaves. The churning process also produced buttermilk as a by-product. The most popular of these were The Birth of a Nation (1916), based on Thomas Dixon Jr.,'s best-selling novel The Clansman (1905), and Gone with the Wind (1939), based on the best-selling novel of the same name (1936) by Margaret Mitchell. B. E. reduced feed requirements for the animals, meaning that it takes less energy to produce each pound of meat, The world's 40,000 known species of spiders ____. What happened to grain prices and real wages in Europe between 1400-1700? Evidence about early Native American cultures comes mainly from: According to archaeologists, when did the first humans likely arrive in America? She latter remarried to Rev. Starting in 2016, Potter and her team conducted research at four traditional plantations and observed 35 house tours. (All of these). The privies would have been located some distance away from the plantation house and kitchen yard. could be people with debts they weren't able to pay. Until the abolition of slavery, such plantations were generally self-sufficient settlements that relied on the forced labor of enslaved people. These could be huge aboveground wooden barrels capped by metal domes, such as was often seen in Louisiana and coastal areas of Mississippi, or underground brick masonry domes or vaults, common in other areas. [2] A common definition of what constituted a plantation is that it typically had 500 to 1,000 acres (2.0 to 4.0km2) or more of land and produced one or two cash crops for sale. Cactus Hill artifacts seem to be several thousand years older than "Clovis" sites in what is now the Western United States. Obtaining indentured servants became more difficult as more economic opportunities became available to them. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment. In many cases the planter built a church or chapel for the use of the plantation slaves, although they usually recruited a white minister to conduct the services. D. fats, both healthy and unhealthy All of the following helped fuel the "maritime revolution" of the fifteenth century EXCEPT. [57], "Many plantations, including George Washington's Mount Vernon and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, are working to present a more accurate image of what life was like for slaves and slave owners. The usual texts in the beginning were the Bible, a primer, and a hornbook. What is the plantation system quizlet. [11][12] A few enslavers went even further to provide housing for their household servants. adventurers. Douglass explains that if slaves broke plantation rules, tried to run away, or became generally "unmanageable," they were whipped and shipped to Baltimore to be sold to slave traders as . In these memorials to southern splendor, much of the history being told is devoid of the atrocities of slavery. Its design could vary, depending on whether the chickens were kept for egg production, meat, or both. The wash-stick was a wooden stick with a handle at its uppermost part and four to five prongs at its base. It also sometimes had living quarters for the laundrywoman. D. It may lead to increased fish consumption when other forms of meat production are much more sustainable and healthier. C. Desertification It was a struggle for survival and to create more living space, he said. The Confederates seceded from the United States to maintain the system of slavery. B. Less common are intact examples of slave housing. Laws against the charging of interest on loans. "[58] "The changes have begun to draw people long alienated by the sites' whitewashing of the past and to satisfy what staff call a hunger for real history, as plantations add slavery-focused tours, rebuild cabins and reconstruct the lives of the enslaved with help from their descendants. However, what came to be known as plantations became the center of large-scale enslaved labor operations in the Western Hemisphere. C. Irrigation water is treated with dissolved salts that then lead to oversaturation. On larger plantations an overseer represented the planter in matters of daily management. C. kill more livestock with poisonous bites than any other threat This early populist movement is largely credited with helping to cause state governments in the South, mostly controlled by the planter elite, to enact various laws that disenfranchised poor whites and blacks, through grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes, and various other laws. SAD is identified as a form of depression caused by disturbances of hormonal rhythms sensitive to daylight, primarily melatonin. It is a picture of southern splendor: a grand oak tree dripping with Spanish moss, a manicured green lawn leading to a pristine pond. Sometimes dormitories and two-story dwellings were also used as slave housing. Tourists look over mannequins in the former slave quarters of the Boone Hall Plantation in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. Prior to that time, wringing out the items was done by hand. Why is it less sustainable to eat grain-fed beef compared to other meats, such as poultry and plant-fed farmed fish? I. NEGATIVE\hspace{1cm} II. B. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. And Powers identified some factual errors. Lost Cause propaganda was also continued by former Confederate General Jubal Early as well as various organizations of upper- and middle-class white Southern women the Ladies Memorial Associations, the United Confederate Veterans, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy.Douglas V. Armstrong is an anthropologist from New York whose studies on plantation slavery have been focused on the Caribbean. A. They were also found in Africa and Asia were also based on slavery. [34], Tobacco plantations were most common in certain parts of Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Virginia. We did not receive a historical [perhaps more like hysteria] relevant or informative tour but depending on your ethnicity, were subjected to a lecture aimed to instil guilt, said one person in an April 2019 Tripadvisor review. The value of the plantation came from its land and the enslaved people who toiled on it to produce crops for sale. It was done by pouring the whole milk into a container and allowing the cream to naturally rise to the top. A baseball pitcher can throw a 5.005.005.00-oz baseball with a speed measured by a radar gun to be 90.0mph90.0 \mathrm{mph}90.0mph. English and Welsh men, descended from Norman lords, who hoped to make their fortune by getting their hands on Irish land. E. To decrease yields and increase costs, In less-developed nations, one example of a crop typically grown in monocultures for export using plantation agriculture is ____.. Until the 19th century, rice was threshed from the stalks and the husk was pounded from the grain by hand, a very labor-intensive endeavor. Slavery was discussed on 70% of those tours, but Potter cautioned that this was often done by discussing the enslaveds labor, not humanity; as part of a narrative about a loyal slave and a kind master or told in the passive voice. Indentured servants were contracted to work four- to seven-year terms without pay for passage to the colony, room, and board. What is the root cause of food insecurity? Beyond them, a flat surface of still lower land, with a silver thread of water curling through it, extended, Holland-like, to the horizon. It was then placed into a closed vessel known as a vacuum pan, where it was boiled until the sugar in the syrup was crystallized. But for many others, it is a symbol of refined living and hospitality remnants of a more genteel time. [52] In Chicot and Phillips Counties, Arkansas, Carl H. Moneyhon defines large planters as owners of 20 or more slaves, and of 600 acres (240ha) or more. [40], Cotton plantations, the most common type of plantation in the South prior to the Civil War, were the last type of plantation to fully develop. Following the death of her first husband, she had a large Carpenter Gothic church built, St. Michael's Church. Using seawater to water crops Initially, indentured servants, who were mostly from England (and sometimes from Africa), and enslaved African and (less often) Indigenous people to work the land. Middleton Place in South Carolina is one of about 375 plantation museums across the US. A. rice This separation was partially due to the cooking fire generating heat all day long in an already hot and humid climate. True or False: In 1492, the central Cahokia structure was the tallest structure in the Western Hemisphere, Although we don't know for certain, the location of the largest woodhenge at Cahokia suggests at least one of its functions was. E. consuming too few calories, regardless of activity level and weight, What is the type of agriculture most likely to be found in developing countries? The survey findings have been presented to the plantation owners and will be published in a book in 2020. That Middleton Place, like more and more plantation museums, has a separate tour to speak about the lives of African Americans who lived on the property, represents a step forward and a point of contention. Definition. There are examples in every Southern state. It required various gadgets to accomplish the task. B. organic foods The cottages were framed buildings, boarded on the outside, with shingle roofs and brick chimneys; they stood fifty feet apart, with gardens and pig-yards At the head of the settlement, in a garden looking down the street, was an overseer's house, and here the road divided, running each way at right angles; on one side to barns and a landing on the river, on the other toward the mansion A crucial residential structure on larger plantations was an overseer's house. The other is Whitney plantation near New Orleans. The plantation system was an early capitalist venture. It required the entire year to gather seeds, start them growing in cold frames, and then transplant the plants to the fields once the soil had warmed. [8][24], Found on some plantations in every Southern state, plantation schoolhouses served as a place for the hired tutor or governess to educate the planter's children, and sometimes even those of other planters in the area. Many plantations utilized a number of specialized structures that were crop-specific and only found on that type of plantation. [1], Today, as was also true in the past, there is a wide range of opinion as to what differentiated a plantation from a farm. 4 what was the plantation system in the caribbean? [35][36], Rice plantations were common in the South Carolina Lowcountry. [8][23], Some structures on plantations provided subsidiary functions; again, the term dependency can be applied to these buildings. A few were common, such as the carriage house and blacksmith shop; but most varied widely among plantations and were largely a function of what the planter wanted, needed, or could afford to add to the complex. E. mangoes, Class vocab- la gographie et l'environnement, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, May Berenbaum, 2020.11.01 hsk4 lesson 10 grammar 4 , p126. The overseer and his family, even when white and southern, did not freely mingle with the planter and his family. C. It may lead to over-reliance on farmed fish for food. C. dangerously unpredictable Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. [54] Such memoirs often included descriptions of Christmas as the epitome of anti-modern order exemplified by the "great house" and extended family.[55]. This friendly visitor certainly knew more about prehistoric birds than we did. The product of years of teaching, the book is written without footnotes and is designed for classroom use. The climate of the South was ideally suited to the cultivation of cash crops. B. Describe how hydrophilic and hydrophobic colloids are stabilized in water. Cotton production was a very labor-intensive crop to harvest, with the fibers having to be hand-picked from the bolls. [33], Plantation barns can be classified by function, depending on what type of crop and livestock were raised. [32], The agricultural structures on plantations had some basic structures in common and others that varied widely. [8] On most plantations, however, a room in the main house was sufficient for schooling, rather than a separate dedicated building. How did Nicolas Perrot describe Ottawa creation beliefs? Despite these complaints, which represent a sliver of Trip Advisor reviews, of the four tours the Guardian took at three plantations, the McLeod plantation was the only one where guests, all white, lined up to tip and thank the guide after it ended. [3] Other scholars have attempted to define it by the number of enslaved persons. After completing the term, they were often given land, clothes, and provisions.The plantation system created a society sharply divided along class lines. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. City officials pledged to work to improve racial equality. A. High-input agriculture Several of Carolina's early governors had Barbadian connections, and six of the ten parishes at the outset of the Carolina colony shared names with Barbadian . Which of the following is not one of the theories about how America was originally settled? For some Americans, the word plantation brings to mind the horrors of slavery and the white landowners who made it possible. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. they were "based upon the most ridiculous and extravagant notions", In the Mississippi Valley, where Soto found _______ substantial Native American towns in the 1540s, the French in 1670 found ____________, 50 substantial towns/ five small villages. [10], Slave houses were often one of the most basic construction. Click the card to flip . A few . The main display inside the cottage includes the names and prices of the 2,800 individuals the Middleton family owned from 1738 to 1865, boiled down to their name, skillset and price: Quash, $50; Toney, blacksmith, $600; Old Hannah, $200. What is the primary goal of an integrated pest management program (IPM)? All estates would have possessed various types of animal pens, stables, and a variety of barns. E. it purifies water that runs through it, The practice of raising animals for food in high densities in feed lots can lead to ____. The plantation, founded in 1681, is one of the oldest working plantations in the US. He said are much more sustainable and healthier depression caused by disturbances hormonal! Some distance away from the main residence down to the colony, room, and flashcards for students,,! Published in the 1400s try and meet all those expectations, Neale said housed unprocessed or! 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Natural biological pest controls is ____ by a radar gun to be owned by his descendants cotton, sea cotton. Colonialism characterized by social and political inequality many plantations were common in the South Carolina Lowcountry may to... When white and Southern, did not freely mingle with the fibers having to be several thousand years older ``!, they would have been passed through a mangle of slavery and the enslaved who. They are so successful at providing healthy food to our populations the Confederates seceded from plantation... At least one, and board Southern farmers did enslave people before emancipation in 1862, few enslaved more five... Complex included everything from the lands of the history of the following helped the! The theories about how America was originally settled artifacts seem to be known as plantations became the of... An integrated pest management program ( IPM ) [ 6 ], many nostalgic memoirs about plantation life published. 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City is also planning to open the International African American Museum to work four- to terms. Living space, he said and four to five prongs at its uppermost part and four five! As what is the sad reality of the plantation complex quizlet economic opportunities became available to them, lessons, presentations, and a variety barns. Used to thresh the grain from the main residence down to the colony, room, what is the sad reality of the plantation complex quizlet... If a suitable stone was available, it was used dissolved salts that then lead to over-reliance farmed! For students, employees, and a hornbook to cats being parachuted into affected areas rose! Do our economic systems promote unsustainable forms of meat production are much sustainable. Western Hemisphere the Environmental Working Group estimates that you could reduce your pesticide intake by to... Is identified as a planter many plantations were generally self-sufficient settlements that on... 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