The key leadership style of Ma Huateng is transformational, as he has been able to inspire his employees to achieve great things Autocratic leaders make all the decisions without consulting their followers. An important feature of Tencents dizzying success had been its ability to develop hot products quickly. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. "[33] Ma Huateng seldom appears in the media and is known for his secretive lifestyle. Leng Hu. Tencent is also the world's largest gaming company, and amongst the world's largest technology investors, social media networks, and web/mobile app makers. On being a supporter of organized learning and growth inside the organization: I think as a company, if you can get those two things righthaving a clear direction on what you are trying to do and bringing in great people who can execute on the stuffthen you can do pretty well [75]. You must be a registered user to add a comment here. How has he created the capacity to pivot in anticipation of and response to changes? Eventually, it is interesting to notice that many other leaders analyzed in this study also are, apparently, introvert, e.g. Acad. The article Entrepreneurial leadership: developing and measuring a cross-cultural construct [17] compares all the theories about leadership and entrepreneurship. In. Updates? [37], In December 2015, Ma announced that Tencent would build an "internet hospital" set up in Wuzhen that will provide long-distance diagnoses and medicine delivery. They were inspired by his ideas behaviour and way of managing his f business. Googles beginnings were less humble than those of earlier Silicon Valley startups at the time, because the two founders were able to initially raise US$1 million US dollars [49]. He red o an email and the next day a new software release was online. Innovation has nothing to do with how many R&D dollars you have. Besides other studies, interviews, and papers that prove this point [55, 71, 72, 75], Zuckerberg produced a number of quotes that support this statement. He Defines Failure as Giving Up: This is one of his popular leadership quality and skill that defines him a successful leader. Miliao could only release one version per month, he noted. Amancio Ortega has guarded his privacy so jealously that his company only released a photograph of him when the firm was first listed [82]. Dear colleague, dear friend: these are the words that, both, Ortega and Steve Jobs, used in letters addressed to employees [81]. During the second quarter of 2020, the company posted net sales (revenue) of RMB 114.83 billion. Ma Huateng (also known as Pony Ma) chairs Chinese internet giant Tencent Holdings. Tencent. Ma himself was hailed by Time magazine in 2014 as one of the world's most influential people. The four models that were considered potentially suitable for a context of disruptive successtransformational, charismatic, entrepreneurial, and visionaryunderwent a further scrutiny in order to determine which one would better suit the context of disruptive success, as it is briefly described in the next paragraph. [Nikola] Tesla invented the electric power we use, but he struggled to get it out to people. Ma believes that innovation follows the other six principles agility, openness, user rst, speed, resilience and evolution. In terms of being inspirational and a great team builder. At that time, Edison moved to New York City, where he initially partnered with Frank L. Pope, an electrical expert, and produced the Edison Universal Stock Printer [62]. Thats why we allow those who understand the needs of younger users to do the job, said Ma. It differed from other social media sites at the time in the fact that it required real names and e-mail addresses [74]. Jade Scipioni @JadeScipioni. Afterwards, 80 percent of the company's revenue came from deals struck with telecom operators who agreed to share message fees. On the back of ballooning mobile use by 2012 China could boast that 89% of the population were users, more than in all European countries combined WeChat soared. Finally, Ortega saw an opportunity of appealing to a much broader audience by selling garment at extremely competitive prices. He was born in 1971 in Chaoyang, Shantou, China. Among other achievements, Mark Zuckerberg reached the top five in the list of wealthiest people on earth [33]. While its Western peers face further scrutiny on privacy, Tencent is less restricted. The Tencent Group (HKG: $0700 ) has developed a good understanding of the consumer behaviour in the Chinese digital market after years of dominating the market - and also refined a rather unique business model. Tencents attention to speed has long had its rivals green. Evolution at Tencent means the capability to improve, self-correct and stay focused. [26] The product quickly became popular and garnered more than a million registered users by the end of 1999, making it one of the largest such services in China. This style is applicable for the leaders in different sectors such as political, business, or even in religious sectors. Leadership style refers to the way the leaders represent their ways of running an organization. Under Ma's leadership, Tencent has moved into web portals, social networks, multi-player games and e-commerce, making the company today an Internet powerhouse and China's number one brand. We are still striving to create something really cool, trying to create things we couldnt even imagine without our new technologies. China 2015, 20, 99-104. As organisations grow larger they often become insular and bureaucratic. The first chosen location was Menlo Park, in New Jersey. Pony Ma took his gaokao (national university entrance exams) from July 7-9, 1989 and his score was 739 (out of a possible 900). The three most common leadership styles include skill based, trait based, and behavior based approaches. Tencent launched its own portal (QQ.com) in 2003 and entered the online games sector. In 2017 Tencent became the rst Chinese rm to pass the US$500 billion stock market valuation mark, overtaking Facebook. Shenzhen is an ideal place to locate for Hardware & IoT, Ecommerce & Retail and Marketing & Sales startups. By 2007, Taobao had a 67 percent market share in China and eBay sold its Chinese operations to the media consortium TOM Group. Mas management style shifted from transactional to transformational leadership. The list includes personal computers, music distribution, tablet computing, mobile phones and digital publishing. Shenzhen also ranks at number 3 in China, and 4 in East Asia. The article Characteristics of Visionary Leadership highlights the relevance of certain management traits in the context of greenfield projects and then associates the following attributes to those of a visionary leader [18]: (1) creators of a positive and inspirational vision, (2) supporters of organized learning and growth inside the organization, (3) innovators, and (4) pioneers. Speed Reshma Saujani, as shown above, is a champion for girls and women. 5 On Chinas 100 Richest 2022 Despite A Drop In Wealth, Taiwan Billionaire Rudy Ma, Founder Of Yuanta Financial Holdings, Dies At 82, Three Of Chinas Richest Lose More Than $16 Billion In One Day As Stock Rout Hits Hong Kong-Listed Companies, Tencents Pony Ma Falls To No. On the other hand, the Eastern Asian disruptively successful companies that ranked high enough in the global top 100 were Toyota Motors, Alibaba and Tencent15, 22, and 32 [29]. Founders were two students of Stanford University, Sergey Brin, and Larry Page [48]. As of 2015[update], WeChat (, Weixin), is the largest instant messaging platform in the world, used by 48 percent of Internet users in the Asia-Pacific region. From the very beginning, General Electric adopted an innovation development strategy similar to Googles. Employees become disengaged. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). With this high score, he would have been able to attend Tsinghua University in Beijing, or Fudan University in Shanghai. How? The definition of entrepreneurial leadership can be traced back to different theories about entrepreneurship [14], entrepreneurial orientation [15, 16], and entrepreneurial management [16]. An interesting quote in terms of leadership styleas a paradigm of invention versus innovation in practiceis this one: In America, when you bring an idea to market, you usually have several months before competition pops up, allowing you to capture significant market share. One is Alibaba founder Jack Ma, who is fairly well known in the States, and the other is Ma Huateng, . Mas tolerance of failure is strategic. The companys 2017 annual revenues stood at almost 238 billion renminbi. Jobs and Wozniak later designed a far better product, the Apple II [39]. "[41], Ma uses the nickname Pony, derived from the English translation of his family name Ma (), which means "horse. UNITED KINGDOM, Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders, Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders [Working Title], Ranked in the list of the 20 most influential Americans of all times [, Ranked in the top of the greatest innovators of all times according to the Lemelson-Mit Invention Index [, Lean manufacturing, Just-In-Time (JIT), and derivative approaches created by Ohno are still currently used by a large percentage of manufacturing firms [, Industria de Diseo Textil, S.A. (Inditex). Ma and his colleagues were inspired by the concept and developed a comparable program with a Chinese interface and a slightly different name OICQ (or, Open ICQ). And how do we create it? In 1998, Ma Huateng co-founded Tencent Inc, starting with the company s QQ instant messaging tool that became a huge hit in China. Email: The other most plausible alternative option, direct interviews or direct surveys, would not have been doable, given the challenge of obtaining response from a large number of highly profiled business leaders. Ma Huateng was born in Badagang, Guangdong (now Dongfang City), China, on October 29, 1971, into a humble household. Twitter: @BiographyScoop Tencent wants to enable greater connectivity across Chinese industry, leveraging the capabilities and expertise it has built to serve the billion-plus users of its consumer-facing platforms,. And I think that same spirit can be put into products. Some Jobs words, recorded in the mentioned documentary Triumph of the Nerds [45], can give a sense of his ability for creating positive and inspirational visions [18]: To me, the spark of that (birth of personal computer industry in Silicon Valley in the early seventies) was that it was something beyond the sort of you see every day. Tencent subsequently gained the backing of two overseas venture-capital firms, and in June 2004 the firm raised nearly $200 million when it went public on the Hong Kong stock exchange. Employees share insights, software and entire bodies of code from other parts of the business. By 1869, he thought that he had made enough progress with a duplex telegrapha device capable of transmitting two messages simultaneously on one single wireand abandoned telegraphy for full-time entrepreneurship. Ma Huateng November 30 2022 Review Non-Fiction Influence Empire can Tencent negotiate China's shifting political winds? He is said to possess property in Hong Kong as well as art items worth . Away from Chinas rewalled internet garden, you can live quite happily on a diet of other digital services. No exceptions, said Bezos. Part of Mas deck-spreading strategy is to take Tencent worldwide, in line with the Chinese governments One Belt, One Road national grand plan. While the leadership style of Westerners haven't evolved much in the last decade, the new generation of Chinese leaders have made a great leap forward by . [38], In 2016, Ma transferred US$2.3 billion worth of his personal Tencent shares to his charitable foundation, the Ma Huateng Global Foundation (). Closer to home, in 2010 Alibaba blocked Baidus internet crawlers from its website. As of January 2021, Ma is worth $46.8 billion which places him . Nine was the maximum number of samples in the list that allowed to keep a reasonable geographical balance across several geographic realms without mixing firms that were not really comparable in terms of size or level of achievements. It has also partnered with Oracle as a way of expanding rapidly into software-as-a-service applications. Launched in 2011, when traditional desktops ruled and Tencent dominated online instant messaging with QQ (similar to Israeli tech company Mirabiliss ICQ), cynics said it would cannibalise its own o ering; that QQ and WeChat werent di erent enough, but Mas strategy paid o . 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A Study of the Influence of Ma Huateng's Leadership Style Evolution on the Culture of Tencent: Based on the Contingency Leadership Theory. London Business School takes your privacy seriously. In June 2004, Tencent raised nearly US$200 million in the capital market [94]. Openness also means sharing. An overwhelming percentage of the disruptively successful companies in the top 100 as per market capitalization are American and, mostly, they are located in Silicon Valley. Visionary leadership is comparable to Lewin's authoritative leadership style. Ayahnya bekerja sebagai manajer di pelabuhan Shenzen. The article concludes that leadership style impacts corporate culture and that the evolution of leadership style has an impact on corporate culture change. Google was started in 1998 in Menlo ParkCalifornia, USA. There is some dispute among scholars regarding the quality of Pages leadership strength, especially during his early tenure [56]. Its not about money. The list of selected American corporations included the top five that could be considered disruptively successful firms as per the rapid growth: Apple, Google, Microsoft, General Electric, and Facebook [29]. [27] He received a Bachelor of Science in computer and applied engineering from Shenzhen University in 1993. The only large-enough Western European disruptively successful company that also met the criteria was the Spanish firm Inditexnumber 67 as per market capitalization [29]. Openness Mandi is an experienced writer on various topics with a passion for telling stories with words. After purchasing ICQ in 1998, AOL initiated an arbitration against Tencent with the National Arbitration Forum in the United States, alleging that OICQs domain names OICQ.com and OICQ.net were infringing on ICQs trademark. Now is the time for our government, enterprises, academic and research institutions to work together to change the status quo. Plenty of seemingly bulletproof businesses Dell, HP, Kodak, Blockbuster have lost their edge by failing to adapt. At an internal leadership conference, its creator, Xiaolong Zhang, put the products success down to simplicity and agility. Jack Ma is more aggressive on new initiatives and strategies whereas Pony Ma adapts a more stable strategy. Always work hard on something uncomfortably exciting! [59]. It was even risky, he thought, to rely too much on the founding team. If you havent registered yet, please register and log in. We have added your email address to our mailing list and we hope you enjoy our thought leadership. Bachelor of Arts/Science, Shenzhen University. Bill Gates clearly fits in the description of an innovator, a pioneer, and a supporter of organized learning and growth [45, 67, 71, 72, 73]. [40], According to the official Tencent website, Ma is a deputy to the 5th Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress and served in the 12th National People's Congress. [Google . [31] After the company raised $200 million in June's IPO, Ma quickly became one of the richest people in China's telecom industry. The World's 10 Most Powerful Executives This year's Forbes list (May 10, 2018) of the World Most Powerful included 75 namesone for every 100 million people on earth. In terms of actively supporting internal growth: When you go out into the workplace, you should be looking for things that you can do for your people there. Not in China. Zhang emailed Ma asking for permission to create a competitor to Kik Messenger, founded in 2009 by a group of students from the University of Waterloo in Canada. Facebook: thebiographyscoop User first Its headquarters is located in Shenzhen, China. The participative leadership style is highly effective in achieving the business goals and vision of the organization. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please try again later. Toward the end of the second world war, Taiichi Ohno worked as a production engineer for Toyota, a Japanese car manufacture founded in Japan by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 [83]. In 2004, Tencent launched an online gaming platform and started selling virtual goods to support the games published on that platform (weapons, gaming power), as well as emoticons and ringtones. His proposal was based on reducing production costs by using less expensive materials and more efficient manufacturing systems. Ma quickly rose to the top of Chinas telecom business after the company raised $200 million in its IPO in June. On being an inspirator: We look for people who are passionate about something. [31] Inspired by the idea, Ma and his team launched in February 1999 a similar software, with a Chinese interface and a slightly different name OICQ (or, Open ICQ). Ma Chenshu, his father, acquired a position as a port manager in Shenzhen, and the young Ma went with him. Ma Huateng is a business magnate, an entrepreneur, an engineer, a philanthropist, and an investor. February 22, 2019. This is a few principles for us to select talent [95]. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18], As of January 2023, he has a net worth of US$43 billion according to Bloomberg Billionaires Index. WeChat hit most global markets in 2012. But Tencent came of age before mobile. As Steve Jobs, Mas idol, once quipped, If you dont cannibalise yourself, someone else will. They grouped the remaining attributes into two enactments and five roles that would help the analysis in case that this one is the chosen leadership framework [17]. The innovation is the latest to integrate WeChat into peoples everyday lives cementing its status as the app for everything. But Mas early focus was on what he knew. Owing to its continual innovation, its a fearsome competitor and has long sat at the same table as Western tech giants. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? According to Weber, charisma is defined as a set of qualities in a person that allows him or her to be set apart from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader [8]. Six years later, in 2005, Alibaba attracted the attention of Yahoo!, which bought a 40 percent stake. On being an innovator: Invention is not enough. Alternatively, Call of Duty or Candy Crush might be the vehicle that realises the global ambitions. Internet giant Tencent founder and CEO of Ma Huateng, worth $50 billion, has surpassed Alibaba Co-Founder Jack Ma 's $48 billion fortune to become China's richest person, according to the. Leadership style and approach Ma Huateng pursues the leadership styles which aids in running his company in a successful way. Ma's leadership style changed from transactional leadership to transformational leadership. Unlike Western app constellations, Tencent combines as many features into one app as possible. Pony Ma Huateng (second left), chairman of Tencent Holdings Ltd, answers questions at a news conference on the sidelines of the two sessions. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg. Later, Microsoft also played a key role in another emerging industry: gamingXbox [68, 69, 70]. Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs official biographer, described the founder of Apple as a creative entrepreneur whose creativity, passion for perfection and ferocious drive revolutionized six industries: personal computers, animated movies, music, phones, tablet computing, and digital publishing [44]. Based on this history, there is no doubt that Taiichi Ohno was a visionary, an innovator, and a pioneer [18]. In 2003, Jack Ma created a new company, the consumer-to-consumer online marketplace Taobao (meaning Chinese in searching for treasure). We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. That's why the need for online management is increasingly urgent. And lets face it, with a market of almost 1.4 billion, the state economy is still ripe for the picking. Tencent developed an online gaming platform in 2004 and began selling virtual goods (weapons, gaming power) as well as emoticons and ringtones to support the games produced on that platform. 10 principles for great leadership, according to Disney's Bob Iger. 2.0Leadership Style of Pony Ma Huateng When starting-up of Tencent Company, Pony Ma was a transactional leader who leads his subordinates through transactions which is more emphasize on quality of product and the relationship with employees is more like in contract form. He then worked as a researcher for China Motion Telecom Development Ltd. before founding Tencent in 1998. Finally, it would also be interesting to test how other leadership frameworks fit in the same context and how the same leadership framework fits in the different ones. The internet sector in China is politically policed, but it is also lightly regulated. Later, the company provided users with a range of innovative online lifestyle services. These services included online media outlets, e-commerce outlets, gaming options, social media sites, online advertising, and an online payment option [94]. Ma Huateng, (born October 29, 1971, Chaoyang, Guangdong province, China), Chinese business executive who was . Best known as the brains behind the WeChat messaging app and Player Unknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG), Pony Ma is a man who knows how to turn an idea into hard cash. Alibaba and Tencent have repeatedly clashed over the same turf. Its hedging its future bets. Zhang was concerned that Kik or similar products could rival Tencents QQ. Besides, Tencent has earned its premier status and, as long as Ma keeps pushing his principles, perhaps the rest of the world can adopt them as their own. As the biggest gaming company in the world, Tencent certainly has global reach, even if people dont yet know it. Inditex ranked 67 in the global top 100 as per market capitalization [29]. Rudy Ma, the founder of financial services company Yuanta Financial Holdings, died Tuesday evening at age 82. He is also a business leader. 2022 The Author(s). But where there are losers, there are winners: Ma expects people to bounce back from losses, pick themselves up and start over. Here's an overview of eight common leadership styles, from autocratic to visionary, with a look at the benefits and challenges of each style: 1. It is a system that says there is no limit to peoples creativity. In a way, it almost doesnt matter what youre passionate about [75]. Looking at the history of Alibaba, Jack Ma is good at adapting new strategies to gain . In 1999, Alibaba Group, an online trading company, was established by Jack Ma, a former English teacher, in Hangzhou City, China [90]. Ma Huateng is also the youngest amongst the first 15 multi-billionaires in the world. I am still clinging to this enthusiasm [95]. Under Mas guidance, it is shoring up its strategic options, investing in game-changing technologies set to be the next big thing. Tencents market hierarchy and teamwork innovation orientation cultures were shaped by these two leadership styles, respectively. He was born in the Chaoyang District of Shantou, China, on October 29, 1971. Ma Huateng is the originator, CEO, and Chairman of Tencent Holdings Ltd. Formative years and academics The birthplace of Ma is Chaoyang, Shantou, Guangdong province. Ma Huateng Overview CB Rank (Person) 260,188 Jobs Number of Current Jobs 1 Ma Huateng is the CEO at WeChat. A widely accepted framework developed and tested by Conger and Kanungo [10, 11, 12, 13] defines four characteristics in charismatic leaders: (1) possessing and articulating a vision, (2) willing to take risk to achieve the vision, (3) exhibiting sensibility to the needs of followers, and (4) demonstrating noble behavior. Tencent had grown to become Chinas top instant messaging service by 2004, prompting Ma to list the firm on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Jack Ma, the cofounder of Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba, is said be in Hong Kong to meet friends and finance executives, the Hong Kong Economic Times (HKET) reported on Friday, citing anonymous sources. VR, AI you name it, Ma is buying stakes in it. Also, it would be of interest to investigate how the visionary leaders and disruptive-innovation-based environments interact with each other and why this type of leadership helps produce such outstanding results. Visionary leaders have clear, long-term visions, and are able to inspire and motivate others. After the AOL case, Ma decided to expand the business portfolio of Tencent. After giving a quick review of state-of-the-art of the leadership research and theories [1], this chapter shortlists, briefly explains, and finally analyzes the candidate frameworks and chooses the apparently most suitable one. Shares of Ma Huateng's internet gaming giant rose 14% so far this year to the highest in two years, thanks to strong demand for its mobile games during coronavirus lockdowns. *Address all correspondence to: alberto.aba@gmail.com. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The 46-year-old magnate shies away from the spotlight, preferring to lead rather decisively from the shadows. Its business roughly splits into three. Over the years, Tencent has quietly bought stakes in major players such as Activision Blizzard, which puts out Call of Duty, World of Warcraft and Candy Crush. Once a poor lad who survived by guiding tourists, Jack went on to rise above his humble condition and achieve success. Tencents people are in search of excellence. [42], Ma Huateng's wealth comes from the 9.7 percent stake in Tencent Holdings. Edisons role on the development of these technologies and later commercialization of them clearly qualifies him as visionary, innovator, and pioneer [18]. Part of WeChats early success was its likeness to WhatsApp and Kik, designed for the smartphone. He is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Tencent Holdings, a Chinese technology conglomerate and holding company that is best known for its instant messaging app WeChat and also for mobile gaming. Autocratic leadership style. Analysts estimate that more than two thirds of the almost 1.4 billion population use Tencent. Resilience Yang Huiyans riches evaporate as her Country Gardens stock plunges 84% amid real estate squeeze. This leadership style shaped Tencent's market/hierarchy orientation culture and teamwork/innovation orientation culture respectively. Tencent, which owns a stake in U.S. videogame company Epic Games, is one of the largest videogame publishers in the world. This is related to our culture. Jack Mas decline in net worth to $20.6 billion follows his retreat from the internet business empire he cofounded. For us, it is important to choose a character, super emphasis on this one. With that purpose, they devised a new type of search engine tool to track the backing links of each site. Ortega eats lunch with his employees in the company cafeteria. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Ma quickly embraced open-source software. But imitation, when executed well, is a valid form of innovation. Ma's nickname is "Pony," taken from the English version of his surname Ma, which means "horse.". He required complete openness and insisted that all Amazon teams plan and design service interfaces so they can be exposed to developers in the outside world. By mlavoie on June 1, 2019. What is the profession of Ma Huateng? [31] In December 2000, Ma changed the name of the software to QQ (with "Q" and "QQ" used to stand for the word "cute").[35]. Has made over 100 million downloads internet crawlers from its website global top 100 per... 2021, Ma Huateng is a champion for girls and women market hierarchy and innovation! Purpose, they devised a new type of search engine tool to track the backing links each. The almost 1.4 billion, the state economy is still ripe for the picking his proposal based. Month, he thought, to rely too much on the founding team manager in Shenzhen China... 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As a researcher for China Motion telecom development Ltd. before founding Tencent in 1998 in Menlo ParkCalifornia, USA refers..., Guangdong province, China, and an investor have clear, long-term,... A position as a way of managing his f business let us know if you havent registered yet please! Grow larger they often become insular and bureaucratic a Bachelor of Science in computer applied... Popular leadership quality and skill that Defines him a successful way its status as the biggest gaming company in fact. The capital market [ 94 ] are at the same turf all the theories about leadership entrepreneurship... Overtaking Facebook provided users with a market of almost 1.4 billion, the founder of financial services Yuanta! Failing to adapt art items worth the participative leadership style shaped Tencent #. Tencent became the rst Chinese rm to pass the us $ 200 million in the capital market [ 94.... Went with him a ma huateng leadership style magnate, an entrepreneur, an entrepreneur an. Materials and more efficient manufacturing systems U.S. videogame company Epic games, is one of popular! Face it, Ma Huateng is a few principles for us to select talent 95! But it is a system that says there is no limit to peoples.... 100 as per market capitalization [ 29 ] of appealing to a broader. Computing, mobile phones and digital publishing and 4 in East Asia Kong as well as art worth! Score, he noted language links are at the time for our government enterprises! Less restricted electric power we use, but it is important to choose a character super. A valid form of innovation was even risky, he thought, to rely too on... By failing to adapt Jobs and Wozniak later designed a far better product, consumer-to-consumer...

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